Male Infertility

PRE-TESTICULAR FACTORS

Pre-testicular factors refer to conditions that reduce hormonal stimulation of the testes:

The prostate gland is a small gland that is only found in men. It is located between the penis and bladder and it surrounds the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the penis).

The prostate gland helps with the production of semen (the fluid that transports sperm). It produces a thick, white fluid that is liquefied by a special protein called prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The fluid is mixed with sperm, produced by the testicles, to create semen.

There are a number of conditions that can affect the prostate gland including:

Tobacco smoking

Smoking is still controversial in its effect on sperm production.

DNA damage

Inborn faults in the composition of the genetic footprint (DNA) or environmental damage to the DNA molecule might cause sub-fertility.

Testicular factors

Testicular factors refer to conditions where the testes produce semen of low quantity and/or poor quality despite adequate hormonal support and include:

POST-TESTICULAR FACTORS

Post-testicular factors decrease male fertility due to conditions that affect the male genital system after testicular sperm production and include defects of the genital tract as well as problems in ejaculation:

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