Referrals

These often arise when bacteria migrate from the digestive tract to the urethra. Symptoms include abnormal urination, pain, incontinence, nausea, vomiting, fevers, and chills. It mostly affects women.

A malfunction in the urinary system can lead to involuntary loss of bladder control. In women, this may result from a weakening of the pelvic floor muscles during pregnancy.

This can result from damage to the male reproductive tract and a variety of sperm disorders. One common cause is varicoceles, an enlarged vein in the sac beneath the penis. Surgery can sometimes help.

Damage to the kidneys can lead to swelling in the hands and ankles, high blood pressure, and other symptoms. If the kidneys no longer work effectively, kidney failure occurs. Ultimately, it can be fatal.

When the tissues and muscles of the pelvic floor are no longer able to support the organs in the pelvis, the organs can drop from their usual position.

Cancer can occur in the bladder, kidneys, prostate gland and testicles; in women, it can also affect the reproductive system.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) affects around 1 in 3 men over the age of 50. An overgrowth of cells in the prostate gland causes the urethra to constrict, leading to problems with urination.

The penis is unable to attain sufficient rigidity to fully participate in sexual intercourse. This is often a symptom of an underlying condition.

A fibrous layer of scar tissue develops beneath the skin of the penis. This can lead to bending or curving in the penis (phimosis) during an erection that can cause pain and lead to difficulties with sexual intercourse.

A chronic inflammatory bladder condition that can produce discomfort ranging from mild to severe.

Small, hard deposits made from mineral and acid salts form in the kidneys which can pass through into the ureters. They can affect urination and cause pain, nausea and vomiting.

Infection or inflammation of the prostate can cause painful urination or ejaculation. It can be acute or chronic.

Normally, the testicles form inside the abdomen of a foetus and descend into the scrotum before birth. If one or both does not descend, sperm production can be impaired, and there is a risk of complications.

Scarring of the urethra can narrow or block the path of urine flowing from the bladder. Causes include infection, inflammation or injury. Symptoms include painful urination and reduced output. It can lead to complications such as prostatitis and urinary tract infections.

This includes the treatment of urological problems in children that are too complex for non-specialised pediatricians.